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Cladding
| Details |
Inventors: Gnanamuthu, Daniel S.;
Assignee: Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Inc. (Everett, MA)
Primary Examiner: Truhe; J. V.
Assistant Examiner: Peterson; G. R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hogan; Charles M., Frederick; Melvin E.
A metal layer is clad to a metal substrate by laying spaced rods or wires of a cladding metal on the substrate surface and scanning the cladding metal with a continuously operating laser beam, part of which impinges directly on the cladding metal to melt it and part of which impinges on the adjacent surface area of the substrate to improve flow of molten metal thereon. The cladding metal may be fed to the substrate surface in synchronism with laser beam scanning. The process produces a clad layer of the cladding metal on the substrate characterized by a fine and homogeneous structure within the clad on layer and further characterized by uniform and high hardness compared to prior art cladding methods. The surface of the clad may be smoothed by locally oscillating the laser beam during the course of cladding and/or by multiple passes. |
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG.
1, there is shown a substrate plate 10 in the course of cladding in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
For purposes of this illustration, it is indicated that three rods of cladding material have been applied and one of them, 12, has already been melted, another, 14, is in the course of melting and a third, 16, has not yet been melted.
The heat affected zone of the substrate underlying the first melted rod 12 is indicated at 18.
The melting is carried out by laser beam 20 having a core portion 22 and a fringe portion 24 of the beam.
The scanning is carried back and forth lengthwise along the rods with the loci of beam impact in successive scanning passes overlapping so that there will be a continuous heat affected zone running along the surface 11 of the substrate.
Before cladding, surface 11 may be coated with a 1/4 - 1/2 mil thick layer of manganese phosphate using any of several known commercial phosphating processes or coated by application of a slurry of graphite in isopropyl alcohol and heating to drive off the alcohol to improve the radiant energy absorbtivity of the surface.
Carbon black may also be applied as the absorbing coating.
The rods are not coated.
Also, before cladding, it is preferable to preheat the substrate 10, typically to about 400.
degree.
-700.
degree.
C, and then apply the cladding material.
The cladding material may be in forms other than rod forms as indicated in the drawings, such as strips or spheres for instance.
However, there should be spaces of exposed substrate surface between units of cladding material to allow the flow of molten cladding material.
The clad parts are preferably post heated to avoid formation of cracks caused by rapid cooling.
FIG.
1A shows a typical profile for temperature vs.
time in cooling, indicating a very rapid cooling from superheat temperature to melting point [A to B] to produce fine grain structure in the clad on part.
Slow cooling down to C (about 800
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