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Haptens, tracers, immunogens and antibodies for immunoassays for cotinine derivatives
| Details |
Inventors: Walling, John A.; Hu, Hsiang-Yun; Hasz, Barbara E.;
Assignee: Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL)
Primary Examiner: Rotman; Alan L.
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Breininger; Thomas M.
Disclosed is a substantially optically pure hapten, useful in an immunoassay for cotinine. The hapten corresponds to a specified structural formula (I). In formula (I) X is a straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated, divalent radical covalently bonded to a pyridyl ring at the number 2-, 4-, 5- or 6-position. The divalent radical, X, has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms wherein the chain of the divalent radical optionally may contain 1 or 2 hetero atoms selected from members of the group consisting of S, O and NZ in which Z represents a C.sub.1 to C.sub.3 alkyl group. In formula (I), n=1 or 0, and Q is a functional group selected from --COOH, --NH.sub.2 (provided that n does not equal 0), --C(O)NHNH.sub.2, --O(CO)Cl, --CHO, --NCS or --NCO. Also disclosed is an immunogen derived from the hapten as well as an antibody raised in response to an immunogen derived from the hapten. Also disclosed is a fluorescent tracer derived from a substantially optically pure compound corresponding to the hapten, the tracer being useful in an immunoassay for cotinine. Also disclosed is an improved immunoassay for determining cotinine in a biological sample involving a step of contacting the sample with antibodies raised in response to the immunogen. Also disclosed is a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for determining cotinine involving a step of contacting the sample with antibodies raised in response to the immunogen, and/or involving a step of contacting the sample with a fluorescent tracer. |
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A hapten of the invention is substantially optically pure, and is particularly useful in an immunoassay for cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine.
As used herein, the phrase "substantially optically pure" means that the product hapten contains less than or equal to 20 percent, preferably less than or equal to 10 percent, and most preferably less than or equal to 5 percent, by weight of the dextrorotatory (d or +) enantiomer of the hapten based on the sum by weight of the dextrorotary and levorotatory (1 or -) enantiomers.
A hapten of the invention corresponds to the formula (I): ##STR2## In formula (I), X represents a divalent radical which is covalently bonded to the pyridyl ring shown on the left side of the structural formula (I).
The divalent radical, X, may be a straight or branched chain radical, a straight chain radical being preferred.
The divalent radical, X, may be saturated or ethylenically unsaturated.
The divalent radical, X, is covalently bonded to the pyridyl ring at the number 2-, 4-, 5- or 6-position of the pyridyl ring shown in formula (I).
Preferably, the divalent radical, X, is bonded to the pyridyl ring at the number 4-, 5- or 6-position.
It has been found that fluorescence polarization immunoassays performed utilizing antisera raised from immunogens prepared from haptens of the invention can provide a particularly high specificity for cotinine and an especially low cross-reactivity for other metabolites of nicotine.
In formula (I), the divalent radical, X, has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (including any from the branches of a branched chain structure).
Optionally, the chain or backbone (as distinguished from any branches) of the divalent radical may contain 1 or 2 hetero atoms selected from members of the group consisting of S, O and N, provided that if N is so included it is in the form of NZ in which Z represents a C.
sub.
1 to C.
sub.
3 alkyl group.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the divalent radical, X, is a C.
sub.
1 to C
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