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Flow electroporation chamber with electrodes having a crystalline metal nitride coating
| Details |
Inventors: Meserol, Peter;
Assignee: EntreMed, Inc. (Rockville, MD)
Primary Examiner: Gorgos; Kathryn
Assistant Examiner: Leader; William T.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Jones & Askew, LLP
An improved electrode for use in generating an electrical field in a saline solution is provided. In particular, a continuous crystalline metal nitride coated electrode is provided for use in a variety of saline solution applications, such as in an electrophoresis device for separating proteins or nucleic acids or an electroporation apparatus for the encapsulation of biologically-active substances in various cell populations. A method and apparatus are provided for the encapsulation of biologically-active substances in red blood cells, characterized by an optionally automated, continuous-flow, self-contained electroporation system which allows withdrawal of blood from a patient, separation of red blood cells, encapsulation of a biologically-active substances in the cells, and optional recombination of blood plasma and the modified red blood cells thereby producing blood with modified biological characteristics. |
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention provides improved electrodes for use in generating an electrical field in a saline solution.
In particular, the invention relates to continuous crystalline metal nitride coated electrodes for use in a variety of saline solution applications.
For example, the electrodes of the invention can be used in an electrophoresis device for separating particles such as proteins or nucleic acids.
Additionally, the present invention relates to improved electrodes for use in an electroporation apparatus for the encapsulation of biologically-active substances in various cell populations.
Electrodes of the present invention have substantially longer useful lives than conventional electrodes, due to their increased resistance to erosion and pitting normally caused by electrical signals emanating therefrom.
Additionally, the products of devices employing such electrodes have substantially fewer metallic contaminates associated therewith.
More specifically, the present invention provides an electroporation chamber that may form part of an automated, self-contained, flow apparatus for encapsulating compounds or compositions, such as inositol hexaphosphate, in red blood cells, thereby reducing the affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen and enhancing the delivery of oxygen by red blood cells to tissues.
Encapsulation is preferably achieved by electroporation; however, it is contemplated that other methods of encapsulation may be used in practicing the present invention.
The method and apparatus, including the electroporation chamber, of the present invention, is equally suited to the encapsulation of a variety of biologically-active substances in various cell populations.
The apparatus and method of the present invention is suited to the incorporation of a variety of biologically-active substances in cells and lipid vesicles.
The method, apparatus and chamber of the present invention may be used for introducing a compound or biologically-active substance into a vesicle whether that vesicle is engineered or naturally occurring
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