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Temperature sensitive electrical element, and method and material for making the same
| Details |
Inventors: Howell, Robert G.;
Assignee: TRW, Inc. (Cleveland, OH)
Primary Examiner: McCamish; Marion
Assistant Examiner: Buffalow; E. Rollins
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Trachtman; Jacob
A temperature sensitive electrical element and method of making the same comprising the steps of applying to the surface of a substrate and firing a mixture of glass frit and particles of titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), and titanium metal. The mixture is fired in a non oxidizing, inert, or reducing atmosphere at a temperature which softens of the glass frit. When cooled, an element is provided with a glass film strongly bonded to the substrate and having dispersed therein conductive particles mainly of titanium oxide (Ti.sub.2 O.sub.3). The element produced can be terminated by the use of electroless plating and provides a substantially linear resistance to temperature characteristic and a relatively high temperature coefficient of resistance. |
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to the drawing, a temperature sensitive electrical element 10, embodying the invention, comprises a substrate 12 and a resistance film 14 on the surface of the substrate.
The substrate 12 may be in the form of a rod and composed of an electrical insulating material, such as provided by ceramic, alumina or steatite materials.
The resistance film 14 is a vitreous enamel film which comprises a film of glass 18 having particles of a conductive material 20 embedded therein and dispersed therethroughout.
The element 10 may include a metal termination film 16 in contact with the resistance film 14, which film may be of nickel or copper and applied by an electroless plating method.
The material 20 comprises conductive particles mainly of titanium oxide (Ti.
sub.
2 O.
sub.
3), and other reaction products provided by firing in a non oxidizing atmosphere of a resistance material comprising a mixture of glass frit and particles of titanium dioxide and titanium metal, which are embedded in and dispersed throughout the glass film 18.
The amount present in the resistance film 14 of the conductive particles containing titanium is desirably between 35% and 50% by weight.
The glass used may be any glass which is substantially stable at the firing temperature of the resistance material and which has a suitable softening temperature, i.
e.
, a softening temperature which is below the melting point of the particles.
The glasses which are most preferable are the borosilicate glasses, and the barium, calcium and other alkaline earth borosilicates.
To make the resistance film 14, a resistance material is first prepared.
The resistance material comprises a mixture of a fine glass frit and particles containing titanium including titanium dioxide (TiO.
sub.
2), and titanium metal.
The particles containing titanium can be premilled and then mixed and milled with the fine glass frit.
The resistance material can also be prepared by mixing together and milling the glass frit, titanium dioxide and titanium metal without premilling the titanium containing particles
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