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Compressional/shear wave separation in vertical seismic profiling
| Details |
Inventors: Lang, Stephen W.; Oristaglio, Michael L.;
Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (New York, NY)
Primary Examiner: Smith; Jerry
Assistant Examiner: Meyer; Charles B.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cooper & Dunham
Disclosed is separation of the compressional and shear components of the wavefield measured in 3-component vertical seismic profiling. The separation involves working in the zx plane defined by the borehole axis (z) and the surface seismic source space therefrom along the x-axis, and in successive and overlapping windows each defined by (i) a depth interval centered at the depth level currently being processed and including several depth levels above and below and (ii) a time interval sufficiently long to allow the relevant seismic wavefield to be measured by the geophones. The total wavefield measurements in a window are rotated to give the wavefield along the borehole axis (z) and that perpendicular to it in the zx plane of interest. In one embodiment, the result is forward Fourier transformed in two dimensions, then filtered in wavenumber-frequency space by means of a matrix filter which depends on previously estimated compressional and shear speeds of the region that produced the VSP measurements being filtered, and the result is inverse Fourier transformed to derive the compressional component. Subtracting the compressional component from the total measured wavefield gives the shear component. The corresponding operations performed entirely in the spatial domain give corresponding results. In another embodiment, better suited to thin beds, the wavefield components along the x-axis and the z-axis are forward Fourier transformed only temporally, in one dimension, the result is filtered in the space-frequency domain with a space-variant filter which can be different for each borehole depth, and the result is inverse-transformed back to the space-time domain to derive the compressional component. |
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION The invention is in the field of seismic surveys useful in exploring for valuable subsurface resources.
One aspect of the invention concerns vertical seismic profiling and more particularly separating the compressional and shear components of the vector wavefield measured in vertical seismic profiling.
Another aspect concerns similar separation in surface seismics (also called horizontal profiling).
Vertical seismic profiling, often abbreviated as VSP, is a technique in which a seismic signal generated at or near the surface of the earth is recorded by geophones secured at various depths to the wall of a borehole.
Unlike the more commonly used horizontal seismic profiling, where the geophones are strung along the earth surface, vertical seismic profiling uses geophones at locations spaced along the borehole axis.
These geophones typically respond to both upgoing and downgoing seismic events, in contrast to horizontal seismic profiling, where the geophones typically cannot respond directly to downgoing events.
The distance between geophone recording locations in vertical seismic profiling is typically a small fraction of that used in horizontal profiling.
Vertical seismic profiling measurements can give insight into some fundamental properties of propagating seismic waves and assist in the structural, stratigraphic, and lithological interpretation of subsurface formations.
For example, an important use of VSP measurements is to help define upgoing and downgoing seismic events within the earth and thereby help determine which events arriving at the surface are primary reflections and which are multiples.
Other applications of VSP include estimation of reflector dip, correlation of shear wave reflections with compressional wave reflections, location of fault planes, determination of lithological effects on propagating wavelets, looking for reflectors ahead of the drill bit, determining hydrocarbon effects on propagating wavelets, identification of intrabed multiples, measurement of both compressional and shear wave velocities, and estimation of the conversion of compressional to shear and shear to compressional energy modes within the earth
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Processing Data 
